Management of Stress by Executives Management Assignment - 275 Words

Management of Stress by Executives Management Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Management of Stress by ExecutivesNameInstitutional AffiliationManagement of Stress by ExecutivesNo company has come up with policies on stress management. That is why Herbert Benson and Robert L. Allen wrote an article entitled How Much Stress Is Too Much? to help companies manage stress. According to the authors, the tools which managers need to use to fight stress include fight-or-flight response and Yerkes-Dodson law. This paper reviews the article by looking at the two methods that executives must possess to manage stress effectively. Administrators need to embrace the use of fight-or-flight response. When utilized aptly, it allows an individual to avoid a dangerous or threatening situation. The response is associated with increased performance since it triggers the release of stimulants which prepare individuals to accomplish tasks and achieve goals. However, this riposte has undesirable effects that need to be counteracted through relaxation response and exerci se (Benson Allen, 1979).Furthermore, the article has discussed Yerkes-Dodson law which executives need to utilize. This law asserts that as stress increases, efficiency and performance proliferate, but only to a given level. Performance and effectiveness decrease if the pressure keeps mounting (Benson Allen, 1979). Therefore, the stimulants released as a result of stress increase peoples efficiency for an initial period but later cannot stop from dropping it.In a nutshell, stress is a serious issue and demands attention especially in a workplace. Being inevitable, it will always be present in a ...

Liver Cancer - 1757 Words

â€Å"Each Year in the United States about one-hundred and fifty-thousand patients develop cancer of the colon or rectum. Around fifty percent of these patients will either have a cancer that has already spread to the liver or they will come back in future years with metastatic cancer to the liver.† Liver cancer, or other known as Hepatocellular Carcinoma, is a cancer residing in the liver. There are other cancers like metastatic cancer that starts at other organs then spreads to the liver. Being the third most common cancer in the world, it is also one of the deadliest. Twenty percent of the patients that are affected by liver cancer survive for a year after diagnosis. Sadly, five percentile of the survivors live for only five years or more.†¦show more content†¦During stage two, there might possible still be only one tumor found, or there are several around two inches, but unfortunately it has also gained access to close blood vessels. There are chances of a liver t ransplant as long as the patient does not have cirrhosis, or is a possibility for the selected patients with stage one, or stage two. If faced with the chance of a liver transplant, the percentile of living five years rises from five percent all the way to thirty to sixty percent. In stage three there are three different possibilities. One of them is that several tumors are present with one being larger than two inches, or one of the tumors has gained access to a major vein in the liver area. Another possibility is that one of the tumors has invaded a close organ, or has infiltrated the liver’s outer layer. The last option of stage three is that close lymph nodes have been invaded. For the final possible stage of liver cancer, the cancer and tumors have spread to other organs, and or parts of the body. In this stage, tumors can no longer be surgically removed, and the survival rate is approximately five percent for five years. Unless the cancer is found in an early stage the chances of survival are very minimal and hazardous. Learning that you are diagnosed with liver cancer is a very grief stricken process. There are many ways of coming into terms with being diagnosed with cancer, but each patient has to find their own way of coping, but theShow MoreRelatedHow Liver Cancer Affects The Liver Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages This report will discuss how liver cancer affects the liver. I will discuss the how liver cancer affects the normal operation of the liver, what causes liver cancer, how this cancer can be detected and how this cancer can be treated. I will conclude with a discussion of how common liver cancer is. The liver is a vital organ which has multiple functions to keep the body operating normally. The liver stores vitamins, sugar and iron to help give the human body energy. It controls the production andRead MoreHow A Healthy Liver Is Necessary For Survival, And When The Threat Of Liver Cancer Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesA healthy liver is necessary for survival, and when the threat of liver cancer looms liver transplantation (LT) is an option. The liver is the bodies largest internal organ. It has many important functions including preventing infections, removing bacteria and toxins from the blood, and more. (â€Å"Liver Transplant†, 2012, p.1). Some signs of liver failure are fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle loss, forgetfulness and confusion. The most prevalent sign of liver failure is jaundice, a condition that causesRead MoreLiver cancer takes thousands of lives every year. Alcohol and tobacco are the main causes of liver1200 Words   |  5 PagesLiver cancer takes tho usands of lives every year. Alcohol and tobacco are the main causes of liver cancer which ruins your liver and causes it to fail. Liver cancer is one of the worst cancers because if your liver fails you will die , the body cannot survive without a liver for more than a few hours because is does so many functions that the body requires. The liver is basically the filter for the body to clean it and dispose of waste, but in actuality it does so much more. Obesity is one ofRead MoreLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of1600 Words   |  7 PagesLung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver) and gastric cancer are three of the main causes of cancer deaths in the Asian community. Philanthropic organizations are nonprofit nongovernmental entities that use donations to aid the society in some way. The Asian Cancer Research Group is an independent, not-for-profit company that benefits the society and advocates Christianity. The goal of the Asian Cancer Research Group (ACRG) is to research and improve the treatments for the most common typesRead MorePreventative Measures And Lifestyle Modifications That Can Reduce The Chances Of Developing Liver Cancer891 Words   |  4 Pagesmeasures and lifestyle modifications that can reduce the chances of developing liver cancer. The avoidance of viral hepatitis is imperative, being vaccinated against hepatitis B during childhood offers incre ased defense against the disease causing virus. Avoiding intravenous drug use, and other factors directly related to the contraction of hepatitis B and C is also key. Excessive alcohol consumption is known to contribute to liver damage, more specifically cirrhosis. Thus avoiding alcoholism is an importantRead MoreEssay On Liver Cancer761 Words   |  4 Pagesdecrease liver size and improve liver function tests, it also affects the normal liver as well as tumorous tissues, limiting their usefulness [5]. CA which is based on the non-toxic nature of cold temperature has emerged to be a valuable and preferred treatment modality for deeply seated tumours in the liver. Liver cancer, the fifth most common cancer in the world, can be separated into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the primary cancer of the liver and metastatic cancer to the liver fromRead MoreLiver Cancer Embolization1218 Words   |  5 PagesSignificance Liver cancer is a major public health concern worldwide, ranking as the third cause of cancer-related deaths globally (7). Only a minority of patients are amenable to curative surgical resection (8, 9). These non-surgical patients are currently treated with chemoembolization, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy with significant improvements in survival, but the tumor recurrence is still the norm (1). The rationale for using embolization in HCC patients is to starve the tumor by occlusionRead MoreLiver Cancer Case Study798 Words   |  4 PagesDescription of Procedures This proposal is to investigate the role of tumor immune microenvironment changes in local recurrence and metastatic spread of liver cancer after catheter-based therapies using an orthotopic HCC rat model. We will use 250-350 buffalo rats (male and female) between 5 to 7 weeks of age. A subgroup of animals will be used to fine-tune the effective dose of treatment agents and advanced imaging protocols proposed. Survival surgery procedures will be performed using asepticRead MoreEffects Of Liver Cancer And The Presence Of Cyanobacteria During The Drinking Water1372 Words   |  6 PagesMajority of the studies conducted including ones mentioned above, there was a strong correlation between the chronic symptoms i.e. liver cancer and the presence of cyanobacteria in the drinking water. The presence and study of cyanobacteria dates back to the 1930’s, therefore, this is not a particularly new field of study. This gives the current researchers/ investigators with important retrospec tive information to use to build on current research. It also appears that most of the cyanobacteria speciesRead MoreNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Case Study1565 Words   |  7 Pagesfatty liver disease and its histological scoring systems. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease. The study says that the incidence of recurrent steatosis in patients transplanted for cryptogenic cirrhosis or NASH-cirrhosis ranges from 25%-100%, while NASH development is observed in 10%-37.5% of these cases without leading to early allograft failure. The ongoing discussions of the limits of alcohol intake in â€Å"nonalcoholic† fatty liver revolve

Value Alignment - 990 Words

Running Head: VALUE ALIGNMENT Value Alignment Value Alignment Ethics and corporate values play a significant role in an organization and are both imperative to success. To attain a successful alignment between individual and corporate values, there needs to be a synergy between the employee and the organization he or she work for. The benefits contain significant value to both the organization and the employee. Established in 1898 as Brad s Drink, PepsiCo has grown substantially and is a carbonated soft drink sold in 190 countries worldwide. Ethics play an important role in PepsiCo s mission and vision statements, which in turn, supports employees whose values are parallel. Circumstances, surroundings, and†¦show more content†¦Pepsi believes in truth, respect, responsibility, and empowering people to be the best. My personal and professional values share similar aspects. At work employers expect honesty, respect, and completion of a job well done. Values are an important part of running a business successfully. The va lues that executives bring into the organization form the work environment for the rest of the employees. This helps to build a strong mission and vision in which the organization strives to run the company by. Pepsi is no exception to this rule. The Pepsi Company understands that there is a lot of competition in the market, so in order for them to stay competitive the executive need to make decisions that show that there values come with every decision that is made. Just like the organization stated that they understand that what is good for society should be good for business. The reason they say this is that they want consumers to understand that they will make decisions based on what is good for both and not just business. They want to make sure that consumers understand that values are important to running the business. No matter what types of values run drive an individual or an organization, it is important for business to have positive morals and values to be successfu l. This is why Pepsi believes in â€Å"Performance with a purpose.† References Business Dictionary. (2010).Show MoreRelatedValue Alignment Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesValue Alignment for Wal-Mart Fadi Anadri, Betrina Hood, Schercitha Miller, Samantha Redfearn BUS/475 Bill Crigger July 21, 2010 Value Alignment for Wal-Mart An individual’s personal values depict what is important in his or her life, and such values often determine his or her behavior. Furthermore, values are an enlightenment of why people act or react the way they do, based on their personal beliefs. The combined values of an individual and organization must be compatibleRead MoreValue Alignment1385 Words   |  6 PagesValue Alignment One company recognized worldwide for its family oriented services and performances is The Disney Company. The values instilled by The Disney Company (Disney) are one of the biggest contributers to its success. The following will discuss the origins and subsequent evolution of personal and workplace values and will explain how the individual values drive the actions and behaviors. The paper will also analyze the alignment between persoanl values and actions and behaviors as wellRead MoreCoca Cola Value Alignment1449 Words   |  6 PagesValue Alignment Paper Tanisha Harrison, Starina Nelson, Elizabeth Velazquez, Jennifer Hoff BUS/ 475 Mr. Ramirez August 14, 2012 In today’s professional atmosphere, establishments hire a culturally diverse workforce to have a reasonable advantage over other companies. This modification allows an establishment to concentrate on the steps of life while generating goods, which reaches cultures. In other words, these modifications agreeRead MoreValue Alignment for Coca-Cola Bus/4751060 Words   |  5 PagesValue Alignment for Coca-Cola BUS/475 Value Alignment for Coca-Cola The Origin and Evolution of Coca-Cola’s Workplace Values In May 1886 as a one man business in Atlanta, GA, Dr. John Pemberton, a Pharmacist who created the noncarbonated drink as medicine used as a medical elixir, nerve, and brain tonic during the origin(s) and subsequent evolution of Coca-cola started. Later carbonated dihydrogen monoxide was integrated into the drink presently known as Coca-Cola. Robert Goizueta is the currentRead MoreNeutrogenas Leadership: Vision, Mission, Value , and Swot Analyses Alignment with Jnj4783 Words   |  20 PagesNEUTROGENA’S ALIGNMENT WITH JNJ CREDO Neutrogena’s Leadership: Johnson and Johnson’s â€Å"Our Credo† is Our Commitment Thiri Zin Argosy University Abstract Neutrogena commitment to and align with Johnson and Johnson’s Credo is through effective communication from management. Strategy comprehension and community cooperation heavily rely on Leadership’s transparency and transfer of pivotal knowledge. This report analyzes the vision, mission, values andRead MoreLeadership Style And Its Impact On The Culture Of Each Organization Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesmission and/or vision statement. Many leadership models focus on the needs of the organization, such as production, competition, technology and management. The organizations mission statement broadly defines its vision and establishes the structure for values and principles to guide employees. In addition, the objectives in the mission statement are the means to achieve the organization’s goal, (Basu, nd.). In this essay, I will compare the company’s’ mission statements of TDIndustries and IKEA, examiningRead MoreRole Of A Leader s Top Responsibiliti es973 Words   |  4 Pagesof communication. In addition, communication is an essential element in enhancing value change in companies. The values must be well presented, understood for the implementation to be a success. One of a leader’s top responsibilities is to communicate expectations clearly and accurately to followers. Seagram had to change every aspect of the way that it was managed. They had to unlearn their old culture and new values had to be reinforced. Diagnosis of current situation: Unfortunately, the companyRead MoreDefining Best Practice : Corporate Responsibility Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Best Practice: Corporate responsibility is ultimately about the reasons and ways in which a company sets its values, moral standards, ethical considerations and states an organizational purpose that is based in greater societal good. After this course, I believe the â€Å"best practice† of corporate responsibility in a high tech global economy leverages several course methodologies but ultimately 1) the tenets of Gilligan’s Ethics of Care model which balances care for self (or corporation) andRead MoreHow Values Affect Individual and Organisational Behaviour Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesHow values affect individual and organizational behaviour Schwartz (1992) described values as desirable, trans-situational goals, changing in significance that serves as guiding principles in people’s lives. In simpler words, values evolve from circumstances with the outside world and can change over time. They are believed to have a significant influence on the behavioural and emotional of individuals (Rokeach, 1973), also on the organisational culture (O’Reilly amp; Chatman, 1996). ValuesRead MorePolitics Of The Earth : Climate Change981 Words   |  4 PagesWe’ve covered a great deal of material so far dealing with environmental communication strategies, major influencers and overall public engagement. Value charts, theories, approaches, roles and tricky language are just a few of the topics we delved into in the first few weeks. The readings each discuss the major influencers of people’s opinions of the environment, be they political leanings, opinion leaders, linguistic maneuvers, location, or captivating imagery. Additionally, race, affiliations

Bcg on Hul free essay sample

Once you know which businesses stand where in your business portfolio, you also come to know which businesses need investments, which needs harvesting (making money), which needs divesting (reducing investment) and which needs to be completely taken out of the business portfolio. For a major organization like HUL, ITC etc which have multiple categories and within the categories, they have multiple lines of products; the BCG analysis becomes very important. At a holistic level, they get to make a decision on which product to continue and which product to be divested. Which product can give new returns with good investment, and which products are reaching the apex of market share. BCG Growth Share Matrix –  The BCG growth share matrix was developed by Henderson of the BCG group in 1970? s. The matrix classifies businesses / SBU’s by 1) Relative Market Share –  The market share of the business / SBU / Product in the market as compared to its competitors and overall product / category. 2) Market growth rate –  The growth rate of the industry as a whole is taken into consideration from which the growth rate of the product is extrapolated. This growth rate is then pitched on the graph. Thus by having 2 basic but at the same time very important factors on X axis and Y axis, the BCG matrix makes sure that the classifications are concrete. Calculating the Market growth rate comprises of both industry growth and product growth rate thereby giving a fair knowledge of where the product / SBU stands in comparison to the Industry. The market share on the other hand comprises of the competition and the product potential in the market. Thus when we consider growth rate and market share together, it automatically gives us an overview of the competition and the industry standards as well as an idea of what the future might bring for the product. Once the businesses have been classified, they are placed into four different quadrants of the matrix. The quadrants of the matrix are divided into 1) Cash Cows –  High market share but low growth rate (most profitable). 2) Stars –  High market share and High growth rate (high competition) 3) Question marks –  Low market share and high growth rate (uncertainty) ) Dogs –  Low market share and low growth rate (less profitable or may even be negative profitability) On the basis of this classification, strategies are decided for each SBU / Product. Let’s discuss the characteristics and strategies of each quadrant in detail. Explanation: 1) Cash Cows –  The cornerstone of any multi product business, cash cows are products which a re having a high market share in  a low growing market. As the market is not growing, that cash cow gains the maximum advantage by generating maximum revenue due to its high market share. Thus for any company, the cash cows are the ones which require least investment but at the same time give higher returns. These higher returns enhance the overall profitability of the firm because this excess revenue can be used in other businesses which are Stars, Dogs or Question marks. In the case of HUL following are the Cash cows like Mass Soaps, Beverages, Oral care and Laundry which are running very well in the market today, Oral and Mass soap today is doing very good hence it is the cash cows for HUL today. Strategies for cash cow –  The cash cows are the most stable for any business and hence the strategy generally includes retention of the market share. As the market is not growing, acquisition is less and retention is high. Thus customer satisfaction programs, loyalty programs and other such promotional methods form the core of the marketing plan for a cash cow product / SBU. 2) Stars –  The best product which comes in mind when thinking of Stars is the telecom products. If you look at any top 5 telecom company, the market share is good but the growth rate too is good. Thus because these two factors are high, the telecom companies are always in competitive mode and they have to juggle between investment and harvesting vis investing money and taking out money time to time. Unlike cash cows, Stars cannot be complacent when they are top on because they can immediately be overtaken by another company which capitalizes on the market growth rate. However, if the strategies are successful, a Star can become a cash cow in the long run. Just like the products from HUL like Hair Care products, Skin Care products, Premium Soaps Laundry products, Deodorants and it’s lately release brand Water (PureIt) Strategies for Stars –  All types of marketing, sales promotion and advertising strategies are used for Stars. This is because in cash cow, already these strategies have been used and they have resulted in the formation of a cash cow. Similarly in Stars, because of the high competition and rising market share, the concentration and investment needs to be high in marketing  activities so as to increase and retain market share. ) Question Marks –  Several times, a company might come up with an innovative product which immediately gains good growth rate. However the market share of such a product is unknown. The product might lose customer interest and might not be bought anymore in which case it will not gain market share, the growth rate will go down and it will ultimately become a Dog. On the o ther hand, the product might increase customer interest and more and more people might buy the product thus making the product a high market share product. From here the product can move on to be a Cash Cow as it has lower competition and high market share. Thus Question marks are products which may give high returns but at the same time may also flop and may have to be taken out of the market. This uncertainty gives the quadrant the name â€Å"Question Mark†. The major problem associated with having Question marks is the amount of investment which it might need and whether the investment will give returns in the end or whether it will be completely wasted. Processed foods and Color Cosmetics are few of the Question Marks for HUL since it is very rare found in the market due to the reason that it is not giving results as much expected in the consumer market today. Strategies for Question marks –  As they are new entry products with high growth rate, the growth rate needs to be capitalized in such a manner that question marks turn into high market share products. New Customer acquisition strategies are the best strategies for converting Question marks to Stars or Cash cows. Furthermore, time to time market research also helps in determining consumer psychology for the product as well as the possible future of the product and a hard decision might have to be taken if the product goes into negative profitability. ) Dogs –  Products are classified as dogs when they have low market share and low growth rate. Thus these products neither generate high amount of cash nor require higher investments. However, they are considered as negative profitability products mainly because the money already invested in the product can be used somewhere else. Thus over here businesses have to take a decision whether they should divest these product s or they can revamp them and thereby make them saleable again which will subsequently increase the market share of the product. Dogs for HUL are its Sea Products which is definitely and alarm for HUL to kill it. Strategies for Dogs –  Depending on the amount of cash which is already invested in this quadrant, the company can either divest the product altogether or it can revamp the product through rebranding / innovation / adding features etc. However, moving a dog towards a star or a cash cow is very difficult. It can be moved only to the question mark region where again the future of the product is unknown. Thus in cases of Dog products, divestment strategy are used. Sequences in BCG Matrix [pic] Success Sequence in BCG Matrix – The Success sequence of BCG matrix happens when a question mark becomes a Star and finally it becomes a cash cow. This is the best sequence which really gives a boost to the company’s profits and growth. The success sequence unlike the disaster sequence is entirely dependent on the right decision making. Disaster sequence in BCG Matrix – Disaster sequence of BCG matrix happens when a product which is a cash cow, due to competitive pressure might be moved to a  star. It fails out from the competition and it is moved to a question mark and finally it may have to be divested because of its low market share and low growth rate. Thus the disaster sequence might happen because of wrong decision making. This sequence affects the company as a lot of investments are lost to the divested product. Along with this the money coming in from the cash cow which is used for other products too is lost. Results on the strategies for HUL based on the BCG Matrix. There are four strategies possible for any product / SBU and these are the strategies which are used after the BCG analysis. These strategies are 1) Build –  By increasing investment, the product is given an impetus such that the product increases its market share. Example  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Pushing a Question mark into a Star and finally a cash cow (Success sequence) ) Hold –  The company cannot invest or it has other investment commitments due to which it holds the product in the same quadrant. Example –  Holding a star there itself as higher investment to move a star into cash cow is currently not possible. 3) Harvest –  Best observed in the Cash cow scenario, wherein the company reduces the amount of i nvestment and tries to take out maximum cash flow from the said product which increases the overall profitability. 4) Divest –  Best observed in case of Dog quadrant products which are generally divested to release the amount of money already stuck in the business.

Should Education Be Free free essay sample

Everyone needs education. But should it be free? I believe that education should not be free for multiple reasons. You may be asking, but what if they cant afford it? Well, there are some public schools that let you go for free if you cant afford to pay or dont make you pay so much.I see the reasons why people believe there should be free education. Reasons like people who cant afford it will still be able to have an education if it was free. sure that sounds nice but we arent taking all things into consideration, some things like how much more debt America would be in or how Lazy people would get and those are just a few of many problems we would have if we got a free education. Lots of people believe that a higher education shouldnt cost so much, personally, I disagree, if everyone had a high education it would turn something valuable into something not so valuable. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Education Be Free? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It would make people not care so much about education. It should take hard work and some self-sacrifice. If everyone had a free education wheres the value?If you took all the money away from everyone and gave each person a million dollars, a couple of years later the ones that were wealthy beforehand would be wealthy again and the ones that were not wealthy before would be broke again. What I believe this means is that even if the Government spent millions and millions of dollars for free education for everyone, the number of people that are getting degrees would not increase in fact I think it would decrease because more people will start to not care, they wont care because either themselves or their parents arent paying for their education.In conclusion, having a free education is a really bad idea. It will make things worse for this country and make people less motivated. We wont gain anything but more debt.

Free Essays on Dieing Religion

Throughout history man has been trying to find answers to a host of issues. Perhaps the most important ones are â€Å"why are we here?† and â€Å"where do we go from here?† and similar questions. In an effort to provide the answers that we need, we came up with religion. Most of the world’s present religions have some sort of â€Å"super being† or â€Å"main god." These super beings are supposed to be all-powerful and all knowing. Many also have lesser gods and saints. The path or communication channel to these â€Å"main gods† is not usually a clear and direct one between â€Å"main god† and believer. It is usually cluttered with a lot of intermediaries and detours. One important feature of most of these religions is that they usually have some â€Å"super entity† that controls evil. All that is good is as a result of some good entity and all that is bad is as a result of some bad one. Now all of these and other general features serv e an important function, especially in the past. Most (if not all) early civilizations had a large part of their origins in religion. The early pharaohs of ancient Egypt, for example, were considered to be gods. Priests in most of these ancient societies held extremely important and many times powerful posts. Even in modern times, religion continues to play a very important function. The Pope in Rome, once a very powerful figure in centuries past, is still seen by many as very important and relevant. The point to all of this is that as man saw the need to get some sort of community together, religion was used to great effect to help start civilizations. It would have been more difficult if a man was to claim authority on his own - he needed some sort of supernatural authority. This was where religion came in. Without a doubt, religion helped to keep people, communities, and nations together. It is also important to note that religion served another important function providing read y and easy answers and â€Å"solu... Free Essays on Dieing Religion Free Essays on Dieing Religion Throughout history man has been trying to find answers to a host of issues. Perhaps the most important ones are â€Å"why are we here?† and â€Å"where do we go from here?† and similar questions. In an effort to provide the answers that we need, we came up with religion. Most of the world’s present religions have some sort of â€Å"super being† or â€Å"main god." These super beings are supposed to be all-powerful and all knowing. Many also have lesser gods and saints. The path or communication channel to these â€Å"main gods† is not usually a clear and direct one between â€Å"main god† and believer. It is usually cluttered with a lot of intermediaries and detours. One important feature of most of these religions is that they usually have some â€Å"super entity† that controls evil. All that is good is as a result of some good entity and all that is bad is as a result of some bad one. Now all of these and other general features serv e an important function, especially in the past. Most (if not all) early civilizations had a large part of their origins in religion. The early pharaohs of ancient Egypt, for example, were considered to be gods. Priests in most of these ancient societies held extremely important and many times powerful posts. Even in modern times, religion continues to play a very important function. The Pope in Rome, once a very powerful figure in centuries past, is still seen by many as very important and relevant. The point to all of this is that as man saw the need to get some sort of community together, religion was used to great effect to help start civilizations. It would have been more difficult if a man was to claim authority on his own - he needed some sort of supernatural authority. This was where religion came in. Without a doubt, religion helped to keep people, communities, and nations together. It is also important to note that religion served another important function providing read y and easy answers and â€Å"solu...

The Ethno Science Approach and its View of the Role of Marriage in a Essay

The Ethno Science Approach and its View of the Role of Marriage in a Society - Essay Example They consider the organization of the society regarding several issues, for instance, their structural classification of plants and their uses in relation to the specific societies (Ferraro & Andreatta, 2009). Ethno science is dependent on nature as it requires the indigenous people in order to understand their relationships with their environment. Actually, ethno science stems from the raw knowledge that certain people have on nature in view of their natural environment (Kaplan, 2007). Every ethno scientist would be interested in understanding the people’s knowledge on ethno-botany, ethno-zoology, and ethno-medicine. This information is conceptualized by an ethno scientist to come up with the final finding on societal knowledge concerning nature around them (Kottak, 2008). With the view that different societies have different knowledge with reference to nature and environment, it is extremely important for an ethno scientist to explore the effect of marriage to specific natur al knowledge in the society. Marriage in most societies involves transfer of a wife from her indigenous home to a new environment. Interestingly enough, when it happens, different cultures collide or merge and provide the opportunity for the adoption of new understanding of the environment (Moore, 1998). This will be in terms of the societal exploration and exploitation of nature in everyday life; for example, the classification of plants for nutritional, medicinal, and aesthetic purposes. To an ethno scientist, marriage in the society provides a situation in which a blend of natural knowledge will arise through incorporation of the different experiences and knowledge of the two or more people who have been raised in different environment endowed with different plant, animals and other natural features influencing people’s beliefs and knowledge (Percival, 1966). An ethno scientist will conclude that the marriage in the society can help reorganize these peculiar societal knowl edge and create a new set of beliefs and practices. The different systems of knowledge coming together necessitate erosion and assertion of new concepts. Since there are many concepts studied by ethno science, the marriage in the society will actually influence some of them (Sanga & Ortalli, 2003). In ethno botany, which involves the societal beliefs on the use of plants and their different roles in the improvement of human life, marriage will ensure that either one of the parties involved gets to learn more about the use of a plant or gets to learn about a totally new plant’s use (Dasgupta & Sarkar, 2005). For instance, various communities use plants in doing several things; this knowledge cannot be known by others, unless there is a very intimate association of two people who come from different societies, possibly by means of marriage. Different communities have used plants for several reasons; they have been used as a cure for snake’s venom, in soaring milk, as wel l as dyes and cosmetics (Percival, 1966). An ethno scientist will also view marriage in the society as an accelerating factor for environmental exploitation. There is a very close relation between environmental usage and ethno science. Human beings are in constant use of the environment and disturb natural balance in satisfying their needs. In the course of doing this, there can be environmental concerns regarding exploitation; it can lead to the extinction of some plants and animals species (Percival, 1966).